Women in War: Capability, Combat , Culture. See Hind, the Warrior; Become Hinda. the Monster

Women in Combat.
Good at it, thank you.

Prevented by ideology, not lack of ability to do a job.


From Hind to Hinda
From Renown as a Warrior, Cast as Demon as Time Passes

Meet Others: From Battlefield to Folktale

Part I of Women in War,
Part II at Stalingrad, WWII and Women in the Red Army

See also Women and Knighthood 
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Woman's Armor, and Man's Armor, Thun Castle Museum, Thun, Switzerland

"Cry havoc, and let slip the dogs of war." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. At that command, will and can women respond?  See the history of the phrase at ://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/105600.html/.
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Overview
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A.  Women in War
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In American History, Amazons, Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic cultures, women were warriors.

That happened in a variety of ways:  from disguise as men, and continuing until discovery;  to remaining overtly female as some cultures did permit' or fighting with men because circumstances allowed a zoning variance, but often the warrior life ended with the end of the emergency requiring their killing services.

• Some could join some military groups in history, by cultural acceptance.  Some could learn the skills, wear men's clothing but be known as a women, and go to battle with approval. Prove yourself. 
• Some dress in woman's peacetime dress, but conceal the warrior weapon beneath - the burqa and the female suicide bomber.
  
• Others had to disguise their gender; dress as a man, pretend to be one, and in days where outdoor plumbing was the rule and not group showers, be prudent.  
• Others we might call today cross-dressers - raised as a girl, but sensing the self to be a man, in the body of a woman that felt alien; and dressing as a man as soon as could, because you knew you really were a man.  Others lived their entire lives as men,  not really denying anything - just doing what came naturally.  A choice of behavior.  Lesbian? Transgender?  Cross-dressing? These general areas come to mind, but who knows or cares which applies - the idea is the female body but not the cultural female in action.
• Others knew they were "women" and stayed in women's clothing, but their bravery denied the culture's insistence on dependency and weakness for women, either as a lifestyle, or for the occasion. 
• Others were nurtured by their culture to be warriors, or strong and assertive, and able to do what was required. See not only the Amazons; but also individual girls and women in our original folktales and myth, showing qualities later suppressed: aggression, superiority to the male even, resourcefulness, doing the bloody when needed, and shirking at none of it.

Does the frequency of the success of women, who sought out warfare, make hollow the later claims that keep them down and out.
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B.  When the Rules Change - Turn Hind the heroine, into Hinda the unspeakable.
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C.  The Chemistry of War - Controlling havoc.
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 A.  Women in War

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1. American History.  

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Some Americans defied culture and went to war, as "men". Look at the Revolutionary War, and the Civil War, for starters.

Resources American History. 

For an overview from the 1700's through WWI, try "Amazons and Military Maids: Women Who Dressed As Men In Pursuit of Life, Liberty, Happiness", by Julie Wheelwright, at ://www.alibris.com/search/books/qwork/261429/used/Amazons%20and%20military%20maids%20:%20women%20who%20dressed%20as%20men%20in%20the%20pursuit%20of%20life,%20liberty%20and%20happiness/>Amazons and Military Maids.
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Here are names - and circumstances:

• Frances Clayton, Civil War: at Women Soldiers of the Civil War, by DeAnne Blanton 1993; ://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html/
  
• Here is a soldier's discharge papers - discharged for "sextual incompatibility" at ://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-2.html/
  
• Others are cited as having enlisted as a man, later found to be a woman.
  
• Charles Freeman / Mary Scaberry;
  
• John Williams / Mrs. S. M. Blaylock; then
  
• Sarah Emma Edmonds Seelye (the name as a man not given) who served the entire Civil War, as did Albert Cashier (the name as a woman not given).
  

See the discussion of why their roles, and of so many others, have been trivialized, although they were known at the time; and find that four women fought at Antietam at the same time. See ://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-3.html/li>Read about women in the Revolutionary War, Deborah Sampson Gannett / Robert Shurtleff, at ://www.ancestry.com/learn/library/article.aspx?article=2513

2.  Amazons
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There were two cultures of women warriors.
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Where. There were two such groups:

• one, some time before the time of the Trojan War, in what is now Libya; and
  
• another in Asia Minor, perhaps part of Turkey, in the vicinity of the Caucasus, at the Thermidon River, active at the time of the Trojan War.
  

See Amazons, Ancient world: See ://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa032703a.htm/. Both were military cultures, all women, except for the times needed for men to father children, see://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/AMAZONS.html/. Cities tradition says were founded by the Amazons: Smyrna, Ephesus, Cime and Myrene. Same site. Read the roll call there of Amazon cities. Need to find out more.
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3. Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Women Warriors
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Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic cultures, at the time of the Islamic expansion beginning with Mohammad some especially in Bedouin or desert areas (is that so? that is the impression so far)  permitted women to choose warfare, and as women. See many here who excelled in bravery and skill, and earned the respect of the Prophet. Read and put your head around the images here, and the men who are not threatened by it at all - even appreciative, and supporting. What have we lost in taming the strong, autonomous Bedouin woman of those early days, or the early Islamic woman.  There is also evidence that Islamic women participated in the era of Europe's Crusades, although we just saw "Kingdom of Heaven," and Hollywood showed none.
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Individuals and Sources:

Where we refer to the Prophet here, please add the PBUH for peace be unto him, as a sign of respect for the religion, even if it is not yours. In some sources you will see (PBUH) added each time the "Prophet" is in the text. For an overview on women warriors in our 18th Century west, see ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_warfare_(1750_-_1799)/.

• This resource is of particular interest:  The Nawal El Sadaawi Reader.
  

Outsiders researching Early Eastern, Middle Eastern cultures:  Dicey. There are few reference points. Always open to revision if a source turns out to be unreliable.

Here, note that spellings of names vary, but meet the women here, at the Nawal El Sadaawi Reader, by Nawal El Sadaawi, at pages 77-79 at ://books.google.com/books?id=r9SPVEG3cv0C&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=pregnant+belly+Muhammad&source=bl&ots=6-MOAkKJXL&sig=3RxXZY93-4oJZa0SzOfoJdz793Q&hl=en&ei=geHiSfqVLujqlQef4cDgDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1/

Individuals:

Take time to read at the Nawal El Sadaawi Reader about each one. Some summaries here.

• Khadija - the first wife of Muhammad, and his only wife until her death at age 65, see ://www.islamfortoday.com/khadijah.htm; and the first Muslim; see this in the Qur'an at ://mohammad.islamway.com/?lang=eng/

Note that the Qur'an cannot be translated.  It remains one text, in Arabic. The best (we have heard) of the English versions, the Meaning of the Qur'an,  is the one by Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, who died in the 1930's, see "The Meaning of the Glorious Koran" at ://sacred-texts.com/isl/pick/index.htm

• Aisha, youngest wife of the prophet after the death of Khadijah, when he took multiple wives; and their skills, intellectual independence, and medical and other knowledge. Go to this next site: find that she "joined the forces of the earliest followers of Muhammad in the disastrous Came Battle. Seehttp://www.amazon.com/Women-Islam-Medieval-Modern-Times/dp/1558760539

Then focus on the warfare of the women:

• Nessiba Bint Ka'ab
  

She "fought with her sword by the side of Muhammad at the battle of Uhud, and did not abandon the fight until she had been wounded thirteen times," see google book The Nawal El Sadaawi Reader at page 78, The section continues: "Muhammad held her in great respect, and said, 'The position due her is higher than that of men.' (Ibn Sa'ad 1970: p.302/" Ibn Sa'ad was a companion of Muhammad himself, see http://wapedia.mobi/en/Bashir_ibn_Sa%27ad Bin/Who knows Arabic to see what he said firsthand?

• Um Sulayn Bint Malhan. Unforgettable image here - she "tied a dagger above her pregnant belly and fought in the ranks of Muhammad and his followers." Sadaawi at page 78.

• Hind Bint Rabi'a - on the other side, opposing the Muslims, in the battle of Uhud - "She wore armor and a warrior's mask in the battle of Uhud, and brandished her sword before plunging it with a mortal thrust into enemy after enemy (Sharkawi, 1967: p. 217). Here come followup sources for figuring out information, URL's for Google Books are long. 

From Hind to Hinda:  Look what happened to her story, as centuries went by and roles of women had to be reined in to meet demands of ideology. A later (modern ideological?) source recasts and demonizes Hind instead as an unscrupulous cannibal, to deter any from following in her steps.

She is called Hinda in that later source, and depicted as chewing on the liver of the Prophet's brother. See ://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/13_ali_bin_talib.htm/ at Sassafras Tree, Natural Pragmatism, Hind Bint Rabi'a. That cannibalism is not found in the earlier sources we find so far. In any culture: recent fabrications to fit later ideological demands. 

Sources again:

The Qur'an of course will have passages from these early times, see especially the site with particularly easy navigating, at ://mohammad.islamway.com/?lang=eng/  We were looking up how the Quraysh were set forth.

Is that Sharkawi named as a source for the Sadaawi Reader the writer and political figure Abdel Raham Sharkawi, see obituary at http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/11/obituaries/abdel-sharkawi-67-egyptian-leftist-writer.html/
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Or is it Shayk Al-Sha'rawi, see his egalitarianism at "Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology", edited by Haideh Moghissi, at ://books.google.com/books?id=6ln19FcDV7wC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=Al+Sharawi+research+Islam&source=bl&ots=p88fp9miNq&sig=e2DJ0bDRk9aykhx4B6M0GZD1Hjo&hl=en&ei=BqfkSYXVFqTtlQful8HgDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3/ See Sadaawi at page 78.

Find Shayk Al-Shar'awi at ://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Shaarawi.html/
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Read more at "Islam, Gender and Social Change," at http://books.google.com/books?id=RkbZWrU4UfUC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=Shayk+Al-Sha%27rawi+women+in+islam&source=bl&ots=4k-Sr2g5WS&sig=GLpa9SIokbST6viyLbgu4Yf1cP4&hl=en&ei=BqrkSdvtDIbglQeX4dDgDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA93,M1/
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Hind's father's support for his daughter's desire for independence, "So it shall be", has a source listed also as Ibn Sa'ad, the companion to Muhammad. Ibn Sa'ad's name is also given as Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, see ://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Sa%60ad_ibn_Abi_Waqqas

• Umm Omara - Here is another woman fighter - "lost a hand in battle", see ://www.amazon.com/Women-Islam-Medieval-Modern-Times/dp/1558760539/
  

See Umm Omara also at Islamic Forum at ://www.gawaher.com/lofiversion/index.php/t16654.html, the name spelled Om Omara. Motheiba Bint Kaab. She was the only woman, among 20 men, who remained with Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud, there spelled Ohud. That battle was the Muslims' first defeat.

As with our own religious and historic traditions and sources, details and even substantive accounts vary. That Gawaher.com source does not state that Umm Omara lost her hand, but the sword wound to her shoulder was so deep her son could put his hand in it, and she gushed blood.

Still, when she saw that the Prophet was alone and exposed, she said noone would get to him except over her dead body, and she sought to return to "save the Prophet." Read the details. The Prophet said she would be with him in paradise. More details, of course; including that the Arab tradition was not to kill women.

"Bint" in the name; or "Umm" "Bint" means "daughter, one who has yet to bear a child." See Worldwide Words at ://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bin1.htm/

Yet the British turned it into disparaging slang for woman or girl, adding a low-class and offensive element. See same site. But this site notes that "Umm" means mother of - so how is that in the same name as the "Bint?" Need to find out more. See ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name/ That site, however, defines "Bint" merely as "daughter." So, no inconsistency.

•  The suicide bomber - female, in burqa.  Or otherwise concealing the warrior status and intent.  See Female Suicide Bombers, at ://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB408.pdf/. and On the Cusp -The Next Wave - Suicide Bombers at ://www.stratfor.com/cusp_next_wave_female_suicide_bombers/  Women as suicide bombers apparently first surfaced in Lebanon in the 1980's, then India in 1991, Kurdistan later in the 1990's, in Chechnya in the early 2000's, Palestine 2002 or so, Iraq 2005 or so. That On the Cusp site notes that "the idea of women martyrs is supported by the Koran" and names the first martyr for Islam as the woman Somaiya. It also finds a possible connection - a woman under the shame of a pregnancy when unmarried, or an affair, attains forgiveness of sins and entry to paradise through martyrdom.  Is that so?  There is a full discussion of the effectiveness of the strategy, and why.
  

 
Sources and Researching.

For those of us unfamiliar with Arabic, the varieties of western spellings, given for the same individual, mean research is difficult. We are doing our best here - and we are not authority. Both Sharkawi and Sadaawi appear to be left of center, in Islamic governments-cultures. Does that in itself make the scholarship suspect. If you know ancient Arabic, please check for us.

Meanwhile, find the Sadaawi Reader book reference at Google Books, bookmark it, return often. Read the words of the women, the anecdotal accounts of conversations with Muhammad, and even about Hind's father - Hind stated she would be her own person, and he said, so be it - roughly. Go read.

Discuss: these women lived at the time of the Prophet, it appears, in pre-Islamic cultures both sides, as we think of "Islam" today. They were there with the Idea, before the System took over the Idea and altered it for its own needs, see "Isaac's Torah," at Bogomilia, Rabbi Shmuel Ben David of 'Isaac's Torah
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4.  European History
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Women leading men into war
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Bodiam Castle, England

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In the Middle Ages, this was knwn, despite Church insistence that women's status was to be inferior.   See Castle Learning Center, Medieval Women, Britain at ://www.castles-of-britain.com/castlezb.htm/.  Unmarried women landholders had the same rights as men.  Upon marriage in the Church, however, she forfeit those, and her lands, to her husband.  When the husband died, she got back 1/3 so she could support herself.  In work, they were paid less than men.


Women as Knights.
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Islamic sources appear clear that western women participated armed as knights - see Science Direct at ://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC1-3SWSJV5-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=eecbb76310438add5b9acb7aef381beb/ Whose agenda creates which version, and which is so? This pertains particularly to the Third Crusade.

 
Fighting Openly as Women Among Men, or as Leader of the Men.  See the Women Warriors site at ://www.lothene.demon.co.uk/others/women.html/.  It is difficult to tell in some cases who fought openly, and who merely entered the battle undiscovered..
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Specifically well known: Joan of Arc. Openly a woman, dressed as she had to to get the job done.

Joan of Arc, Rheims, France

See this broad site, "Women Warriors Throughout History," at http://www.lothene.demon.co.uk/others/women.html/ Find sections by century; as well as by culture (Celtics, Romans, Vikings, Saxons, Prehistory, Ancient World, as well as lists of laws forbidding women from fighting - would not have been necessary had they shown no skill or interest? There is a special section on women warriors in Scotland.

Glen, Scotland. Where are your women warriors now?
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Become little lassies, have they? Like everywhere?
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5.  Folktales
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Look at Red Riding Hood, the little dear. Red Riding Hood is the one who, when the wolf was caught, and participated in the vivisection and soon Granny was out and safe once again.

Grimm - Red Riding Hood, our old volume

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Then it was Little Red who gathered lots of rocks and stuffed the wolf full of them (must have taken some time), then sewed up the wolf. No wonder her hood was always red. Saved on the laundry if she did this often, and she did seem to know what she was doing. See Migratory Patterns of Cultural Tales, Red Riding Hood

That vengeance and punishment part of the story morphed into the usual treacle, shrinking violet approach deemed more suitable for modern young women. Our girls are not taught the real Red Riding Hood. Culture hidden is culture lost. Is that the idea? 
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Rapunzel. The Witch climbs up. Our old Grimm.

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See Rapunzel. The one in the tower, where the prince climbed up her braids until the witch found out. He was cast out, falling in the briars, blinded, then wandering in the wilderness. She was banished to the wilderness, but there she had twins. Gift of the prince. She bore them alone, cared for them and herself out there, and finally found the prince in his section of the wilderness, still blinded, and healed his eyes with her tears. Strong lady. Gutsy. Rises to the occasion. Migratory Patterns of Cultural Tales, Rapunzel Our girls are not taught that. More culture hidden, more culture lost.
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Go back to our earliest folktales, shaping what girls can think of themselves and their abilities, in our western culture. Role models offered then.  And altered to pablum now.  Part of our cultural and physical heritage; filtered out to meet other culturally approved agendas.
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Upbringing and vulnerability. 

Denial of overt role models in controlled assertion leaves girls to the more indirect kill, the deniable, the predatory behavior, see "Claims 'torture squad' harassed Tatum Bass at Miss Porter's School for Girls," reported even overseas at ://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,24873000-401,00.html?from=public_rss/
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Lack of physical outlets.  We hope Title IX helps here. Without it, training in the passive prepares them for exploitation and rape in the culture, by removing assertive and even violent role models. Turn the female's aggressive behavior into the indirect: the gossip, the clique, the bullying. The Miss Porter's, the Oprichniki at Farmington, see ://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/Student-at-Elite-Boarding-School-Files-Lawsuit---.html?corder=&pg=1/.
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Why the military keeps women back. It affects male-female relationships both on and off the battlefield. Self-defense must become reflex. For women, learn to use the knee. Do they teach the knee? Genoux 101? Maybe so. Easily? Nice girls don't do that to their friends. So who pays attention to sexual assault even in the army there?
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Not many. Rule of tough, as with any assault.

Assaults condoned. One woman in ten reports sexual assault in the military, see ://www.cnn.com/2008/US/07/31/military.sexabuse/index.html/ How many civil situations. So do we teach the knee? Genou 101. All together now: Genoux 102. New uses. Take nothing for granted. What do we teach our daughters? Should we? Why would some stop that. Unlawful interference? All a game. To some. Ladies in the military - For boosters: Tradition says plant substances give testosterone a boost, see Sassafras and History, Sassafras Remedies, at Sassafras and History, Remedies. Have some tea.
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B.  When the Rules Change; Why the Need for the New Rules

Rules arise when something must be put down because it is working. Women must have been good at fighting, in order to require laws against it by those who felt threatened. The role of rules in shaping people. Warrior women proved so "natural" that the powers had to pass laws to prohibit it - see  ://www.lothene.demon.co.uk/others/women.html#laws/

See the emperors and popes at work in 200 AD, 590 AD, no crusading women allowed in 1189, and kings - no wearing men's clothing in 1644, no attending political meetings in 1795 if more than 5 people were present, and no women in the front lines of the Israeli army as of 1950, the last leaving in the 1960's
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C. The Chemistry of war.
Cry Havoc. How to Control Havoc.

1.  Premise.  Violence increases with increases in testosterone

• China and testosterone.

China - give it credit for acknowledging the role of testosterone in violence. We knew that, but who could dethrone god testosterone?

the god testosterone

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China has expressed alarm at its large and growing numbers in gender gap, and the role that all that testosterone will likely play in increasing violence in that country, unstemmed. See China has 32 million more boys than girls, at ://article.wn.com/view/2009/04/10/China_has_32_million_more_boys_than_girls/?section=TopStoriesWorldwide&template=worldnews%2Findex.txt/ Some testosterone gets deflected into martial arts skills that become an art form in themselves. That does not make it less deadly.
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Martial Arts, China

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2.  Premise.  Violence increases with crowding

The more of it is put together, the worse in the sense of violence it makes people, and the less the incarceration deters. Prisons.

We are the land of the what? We put more people in the pokey than mostanybody else. And their behavior there is fierce. See your local TV reality show about "the yard." If they weren't violent going in, they will be violent coming out. And see The Fodder Site, Jail "Em.

Our culture feeds on violence, puts it in huge petri dishes then profits by the pictures of it on TV. Does it? Our prisons house more men than women. Are women less violent? Could they be made more so by being in prison, as men are? That disparity in incarceration either reflects a lesser tendency to break the law, or a lesser tendency to prosecute (less risk with less testosterone?), and has an effect in furthering social norms, not necessarily the nature of the offense. We don't know which is which. See Nancy Kurshan's Women and Imprisonment at ://www.prisonactivist.org/archive/women/women-and-imprisonment.html/
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Newgate Prison, Granby CT

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Even our colonial prisons did not incarcerate for long. Just long enough to get the other person paid, feeling satisfied, then the bad guy could go back to being productive. Did they? Who has statistics on whether colonial "felon-equivalents" adjusted their lives more productively?

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And blacks overall more than whites, but the blacks cope with it better, fewer psychiatric problems, see ://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pressparliament/pressreleasearchive/pr386.aspx/ Too much to analyze here, but early cultural adversity (as in a hostile enviroment for blacks) might mean some practice in getting through. Is there anything to that? That we are products of conditioning, to a greater degree than the cultures acknowledge.
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Isolation by gender in anything is a bad idea, where violence is bound to escalate.
 
3.  Premise.  Testosterone once roused will not be doused.

The "righteous war" - the role of testosterone.  Try to define a righteous war - is there ever such. If there is, do we need as many people as possible regardless of gender, to use all the testosterone they can muster,in order to prevail. Who can and will rise to the occasion. In wars that sit - people at consoles - is the same chemistry needed as is needed for the knight?
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The righteous war also needs people who can set the reflexes and learning aside when the need abates. That often cannot be done - post traumatic stress recurrences.

A "righteous war" without the tempering effect of those with perhaps less testosterone, will soon become as abusive as all the rest of the wars.
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4.  Premise:  Testosterone and its effects on behavior is not a new issue
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See Sassafras Tree, Natural Pragmatism, Testosterone Marching. Currently: Women in 2007 made up about 10% of the forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, see National Public Radio at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14964676; and at NPR at ://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&channel=s&hl=en&q=women+in+combat&btnG=Google+Search/ There used to be restrictions, those started in 1994, and women were not allowed in ground combat units, but the line between front-line and rear areas blurs. More and more they find themselves in combat. The prohibition remains, as "reasonable and relevant." The issue is not new. But the need to control it, for our survival, is.

De-hormoning. A problem is that one side cannot stop fostering testerone behavior without everyone else, like disarmament, de-hormoning is not likely to meet with much support. Perhaps simply evening out the numbers of women and men might. Or might not, if the other side is all men. So what to do? We didn't promise you a solution, just horizons. Now, to check on that diet.... could be a military weapon, that.....hmmm... seed clouds with testosteronediluters

More sites: Medieval Women and War, at ://libraryautomation.com/valerieeads/medievalwomeninwar.html/ The Crusades: European sources are ambiguous about women participating directly - but the Islamic sources are not. See Women on the Third Crusade at ://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC1-3SWSJV5-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=eecbb76310438add5b9acb7aef381beb/

We know women have the qualities, can develop the skills. What we have not tried, is woman as the balancer of the excess testosterone in the men.
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FN 1 Physiology supporting idea that no woman should serve in aggression positions.

• overall a lesser muscle mass, possibly a product of breeding "out" that trait over millennia. And
  
• a tendon weakness connected to hormones, see http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/1/R119/.
  

Those still are an individual matters however, that can be screened out or treated or compensated for otherwise, not necessarily applicable as limitation to all. Is that so? Enough to rethink how we use our human resources? How many men have failed in other ways, not related to physical strength, but in impulse control or psychological. Are we looking at human issues, not just gender.